Energy and Poison for Lives
Author: Zhiming Ou
Mattermatics Learning Center
Publisher: 3265 Public Way
ISBN: 978-1-0677470-3-9
Abstract
Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Energy exists in different forms such as physical, chemical, biological. Every living cell needs energy to keep it alive. The total energy in the universe is conserved, or energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another.
Energy is not only a concept. Even though it cannot be weighed or seen, it can be felt and utilized by living organisms. In the macroscope, energy is shown in kinetic, potential, thermal. The chemical energy in molecules, such as glucose, is potential energy because when bonds break in chemical reactions, free energy is released. In the microscope, energy displays as electric. Molecules are formed from atoms by exchanging electrons. The intermolecular forces are eventually electromagnetic forces. In the super microscope, energy can be quantified.
For a living organism, any amount should be proper. The over amount of nutrition becomes poison. The structure should be also proper. Misfolded proteins become viroid’s, which can kill lives. Living organisms should know how to manipulate energies properly. Through reading this book, a person can live longer than those who did not.
Content
Chapter 1 Physical Energy 5
- 1 Mechanical Energy
Kinetic, Potential energy
The work-energy theorem
- 2 Thermal Energy 8
The Laws of Thermodynamics
Entropy
Heat Diffusions
Enthalpy 18
Gibbs Free Energy
- 3 Electric Energy 20
Electric Fields
Electric Potential
Sources of Electricity 22
Cathode ray tube (CRT
Battery
Dry Cell
Solid-State Battery
Storage Cells
Capacitor
Electromagnetic Induction
Electric Generator
Photo electricity
Chapter 2 Chemical Energy 33
- 1 Binding Energy 34
- 2 Bonding Energy 36
Electronegativity
- 3 Potential energies due to intermolecular forces 38
Dipole Moment
Energy of an Electric Dipole
Forces around a Molecule 42
The Keesom potential
- 4 Heat of reaction 49
Thermochemical Equations
Hess’s Law 50
Heat of Combustion
Constant Pressure Calorimeter
Standard Enthalpy change of Formation and Reaction
Standard Free-Energy Changes 59
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Activation Energy 62
The Rate Laws
The Arrhenius Equation
- 5 Lattice Energy 67
The Born–Haber Cycle
Chapter 3 Biological Energy 71
- 1 Types of biochemical reactions
Group-transfer reactions
Oxidations and reductions
Elimination, Isomerizations, and rearrangements
Reactions that make and break carbon to carbon bonds
Claisen ester condensation
Decarboxylation of a beta-keto acid
Phosphorylation
- 2 Energy Input 81
High energy compounds
Thermodynamics of Phosphate compounds 84
ATP hydrolysis
Phosphoryl-transfer Reactions
Energy transfer by electron shift
- 3 Energy Metabolism 88
Major Pathways in Energy Metabolism
Organ Specialization 93
Metabolic adaption: Starvation, Diabetes Mellitus 97
- 4 Photosynthesis 100
Light Reactions
Absorption of light
Electron transport 105
Dark Reactions: The Calvin cycle
Photorespiration and Carbon Concentration Mechanism
Chapter 4 Bacteria, Viruses and Vermon 122
- 1 Bacteria and Pathogens
Classification and identification
Morphology 129
Cellular Structure
Reproduction 136
Prokaryotic Metabolism
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle 140
Behaviour
- 2 Bacterial Diseases in Humans 144
- 3 Virus 147
Definition and Classification
Origin
Structure and Assembly
Prions and Viroids
Virus Infection and Hosts
Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
- 4 Poisonous Proteins 169
- 5 Venoms (Zootoxin) 170