Metabolic Processes by Functional Units

Author: Zhiming Ou

             Mattermatics Learning Center

Publisher: 3265 Public Way

ISBN: 978-1-0677470-7-7

Summary

I have collected the beautiful pictures for human body; here, I want to explore how the organs work. There is a saying that, function determines the structure, and structure ameliorates the function. Living organisms build their body based on the things to do, and improve the work by adjusting the structure. This is the realization of the “thrifty + greedy” principle.

By walking through the tasks that animals need to do, a person can understand the visible and reasonable building in animals’ body. I divide the building of a living organism into 3 parts: the control unit (sensory and nervous system), the execution and protection units (listed below), and the objects and results (materials, diseases, drugs). Understanding these processes, a person’s life will be perfect, or may be closer to the angels and God.

 

Content for Metabolic Processes in Function Units

Task 1 Digestion            4

  • 1 Digestive Organs: structure and function

Functions by steps

Accessory Organs

  • 2 Chemicals involved in digestion 15
  • 3 Digestive Phases 16

Neural Responses to Food

Hormonal Control of the Digestive System

Phases of Regulation

 

Task 2 Breathing           18

Why do we breathe?

  • 1 Respiratory system 19
  • 2 Stages in one breath 21

Step 1 Inhalation

Step 2 Gas Exchange

Oxygen Carrying Capacity

Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

Step 3 Exhalation

Step 4 Regulation

  • 3 How much and how fast do we breathe? 29

Protective Mechanisms

CO Poisoning

Lung Volumes and Capacity

 

Task 3 Circulation           32

Circulatory Systems

Structure and Function         34

Heart, blood, and blood vessels

Circulation Processes          46

The Cardiac Cycle

Blood Pressure           51

Blood Clotting               53

Fibrinogen and its conversion to fibrin

Thrombin activation and the function of vitamin K

The intrinsic pathway

The extrinsic pathway

 

Task 4 Endocrine              67

Endocrine System

9 Glands: hypothalamus, pituitary (anterior and posterior), thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal (cortex, medulla), pancreas, thymus, pineal, ovaries or testes.

Hormones         79

 

Task 5 Excretion            87

Urinary System

 

Taks 6 Reproduction           89

Reproductive System

Diseases with reproduction

 

Taks 7 Protection             93

  • 1 The immune system

The lymphatic system

  • 2 The immune response 97

The cellular immune system

The humoral immune system

  • 3 Antibody structures     101
  • 4 Generation of antibody diversity 107
  • 5 T cell receptors 109
  • 6 The major histocompatibility complex
  • 7 The complement system 112